Pass Sequence Units
The pass sequence is a unit that contains several other units.
Pass sequences are represented by the PassSequence class.
They can also be nested.
A single pass sequence is used as root object for defining a rolling process together with an instance of Profile as the workpiece to be processed.
All units included in a pass sequence will be solved subsequently while forwarding the outgoing profile of the previous unit to the next as incoming profile. The outgoing profile of the pass sequence will reflect the state of the last unit’s outgoing profile, if this behavior is not overriden by provided hook functions.
- class PassSequence(units: Sequence[Unit], label: str = '', **kwargs)
Represents a sequence of other units. Main container for defining rolling processes. Can be nested to define distinct rolling lines or similar.
- Parameters:
units – sequence of unit objects
label – label for human identification
kwargs – additional hook values as keyword arguments to set explicitly
- class InProfile(unit: Unit, template: Profile)
Represents an incoming profile of a pass sequence unit.
Using the
__init__is not recommended, use one of the factory class methods instead.- ae1_temperature
Temperature at which austenite starts to transform into a mixture of ferrite and cementite during cooling.
- ae3_temperature
Temperature above which the transformation of austenite into a mixture of ferrite and cementite is complete during cooling.
- altitudinal_strain
Logarithmic normal strain (principal strain) in thickness (y) direction.
- altitudinal_stress
Normal stress (principal stress) in thickness (y) direction. Positive means tension, negative pressure.
- astm_grain_size_number
ASTM grain size number, assuming grains are round.
- bainite_finish_temperature
Bainite finish temperature for the given chemical composition of the profile.
- bainite_start_temperature
Bainite start temperature for the given chemical composition of the profile.
- chemical_composition
Chemical composition of the profile’s material as dict of element symbols to atom fractions (0 to 1). The key of the dict should correspond to the nomenclature of the TDB (Thermodynamic Data Base file). This means only capital letters and abbreviations according to the periodic table of the elements.
- classifiers
Classifiers of the profile’s shape’s type.
- core_temperature
Temperature of the profile core.
- cross_section
Shape of the profile’s cross-section.
- deformation_activation_energy
Activation energy of deformation especially for calculation of Zener-Holomon-Parameter.
- density
Mean density (specific weight) of the profile material.
- elastic_modulus
Mean elastic modulus of the profile material.
- equivalent_height
Height of the equivalent rectangle.
- equivalent_radius
Radius of a equivalent round.
- equivalent_rectangle
Equivalent rectangle geometry for use with equivalent flat pass models.
- equivalent_stress
Equivalent Stress.
- equivalent_width
Width of the equivalent rectangle.
- flow_stress
Mean flow stress of the profile material.
- flow_stress_function
Flow stress depended on strain, strain-rate and temperature
- grain_size
Average grain size of the profile’s material.
- heat_penetration_number
Mean heat penetration number of the profile material.
- height
Maximum height (y-direction).
- hydrostatic_stress
Hydrodynamic Stress.
- latitudinal_contact_friction
Contact friction between profile and tooling in width (z) direction.
- latitudinal_strain
Logarithmic normal strain (principal strain) in width (z) direction.
- latitudinal_stress
Normal stress (principal stress) in width (z) direction. Positive means tension, negative pressure.
- length
Length of the workpiece (x-direction).
- longitudinal_contact_friction
Contact friction between profile and tooling in rolling (x) direction.
- longitudinal_strain
Logarithmic normal strain (principal strain) in rolling (x) direction.
- longitudinal_stress
Normal stress (principal stress) in rolling (x) direction. Positive means tension, negative pressure.
- martensite_finish_temperature
Martensite finish temperature for the given chemical composition of the profile.
- martensite_start_temperature
Martensite start temperature for the given chemical composition of the profile.
- mass_per_meter
Weight of one meter of the profile.
- material
String or sequence of strings classifying the material of the profile. Can be used by material databases to retrieve respective data.
- microstructure_composition
Phase resp. constituent composition of the profile’s material as dict of constituent names to volume fractions (0 to 1).
- normal_stress
Normal Stress acting between profile and tooling.
- poissons_ratio
Mean Poisson’s ratio of the profile material.
- scale_thickness
Thickness of the scale covering the profile.
- specific_heat_capacity
Mean specific heat capacity of the profile material.
- strain
Mean equivalent strain of the profile cross-section.
- surface_temperature
Mean temperature of the profile surface.
- t
Temporal coordinate.
- technologically_orientated_cross_section
Shape of the profile’s cross-section with technologically correct orientation.
- temperature
Mean temperature of the profile cross-section.
- thermal_conductivity
Mean thermal conductivity of the profile material.
- thermal_diffusivity
Mean thermal diffusivity of the profile material.
- velocity
Mean material flow velocity.
- vickers_hardness
Vickers hardness of the cold profile material.
- width
Maximum width (z-direction).
- x
Spacial coordinate in rolling direction.
- class OutProfile(unit: Unit, template: Profile)
Represents an outgoing profile of a pass sequence unit.
Using the
__init__is not recommended, use one of the factory class methods instead.- ae1_temperature
Temperature at which austenite starts to transform into a mixture of ferrite and cementite during cooling.
- ae3_temperature
Temperature above which the transformation of austenite into a mixture of ferrite and cementite is complete during cooling.
- altitudinal_strain
Logarithmic normal strain (principal strain) in thickness (y) direction.
- altitudinal_stress
Normal stress (principal stress) in thickness (y) direction. Positive means tension, negative pressure.
- astm_grain_size_number
ASTM grain size number, assuming grains are round.
- bainite_finish_temperature
Bainite finish temperature for the given chemical composition of the profile.
- bainite_start_temperature
Bainite start temperature for the given chemical composition of the profile.
- chemical_composition
Chemical composition of the profile’s material as dict of element symbols to atom fractions (0 to 1). The key of the dict should correspond to the nomenclature of the TDB (Thermodynamic Data Base file). This means only capital letters and abbreviations according to the periodic table of the elements.
- classifiers
Classifiers of the profile’s shape’s type.
- core_temperature
Temperature of the profile core.
- cross_section
Shape of the profile’s cross-section.
- deformation_activation_energy
Activation energy of deformation especially for calculation of Zener-Holomon-Parameter.
- density
Mean density (specific weight) of the profile material.
- elastic_modulus
Mean elastic modulus of the profile material.
- equivalent_height
Height of the equivalent rectangle.
- equivalent_radius
Radius of a equivalent round.
- equivalent_rectangle
Equivalent rectangle geometry for use with equivalent flat pass models.
- equivalent_stress
Equivalent Stress.
- equivalent_width
Width of the equivalent rectangle.
- flow_stress
Mean flow stress of the profile material.
- flow_stress_function
Flow stress depended on strain, strain-rate and temperature
- grain_size
Average grain size of the profile’s material.
- heat_penetration_number
Mean heat penetration number of the profile material.
- height
Maximum height (y-direction).
- hydrostatic_stress
Hydrodynamic Stress.
- latitudinal_contact_friction
Contact friction between profile and tooling in width (z) direction.
- latitudinal_strain
Logarithmic normal strain (principal strain) in width (z) direction.
- latitudinal_stress
Normal stress (principal stress) in width (z) direction. Positive means tension, negative pressure.
- length
Length of the workpiece (x-direction).
- longitudinal_contact_friction
Contact friction between profile and tooling in rolling (x) direction.
- longitudinal_strain
Logarithmic normal strain (principal strain) in rolling (x) direction.
- longitudinal_stress
Normal stress (principal stress) in rolling (x) direction. Positive means tension, negative pressure.
- martensite_finish_temperature
Martensite finish temperature for the given chemical composition of the profile.
- martensite_start_temperature
Martensite start temperature for the given chemical composition of the profile.
- mass_per_meter
Weight of one meter of the profile.
- material
String or sequence of strings classifying the material of the profile. Can be used by material databases to retrieve respective data.
- microstructure_composition
Phase resp. constituent composition of the profile’s material as dict of constituent names to volume fractions (0 to 1).
- normal_stress
Normal Stress acting between profile and tooling.
- poissons_ratio
Mean Poisson’s ratio of the profile material.
- scale_thickness
Thickness of the scale covering the profile.
- specific_heat_capacity
Mean specific heat capacity of the profile material.
- strain
Mean equivalent strain of the profile cross-section.
- surface_temperature
Mean temperature of the profile surface.
- t
Temporal coordinate.
- technologically_orientated_cross_section
Shape of the profile’s cross-section with technologically correct orientation.
- temperature
Mean temperature of the profile cross-section.
- thermal_conductivity
Mean thermal conductivity of the profile material.
- thermal_diffusivity
Mean thermal diffusivity of the profile material.
- velocity
Mean material flow velocity.
- vickers_hardness
Vickers hardness of the cold profile material.
- width
Maximum width (z-direction).
- x
Spacial coordinate in rolling direction.
- class Profile(unit: Unit, template: Profile)
Represents a profile in context of a pass sequence unit.
Using the
__init__is not recommended, use one of the factory class methods instead.- ae1_temperature
Temperature at which austenite starts to transform into a mixture of ferrite and cementite during cooling.
- ae3_temperature
Temperature above which the transformation of austenite into a mixture of ferrite and cementite is complete during cooling.
- altitudinal_strain
Logarithmic normal strain (principal strain) in thickness (y) direction.
- altitudinal_stress
Normal stress (principal stress) in thickness (y) direction. Positive means tension, negative pressure.
- astm_grain_size_number
ASTM grain size number, assuming grains are round.
- bainite_finish_temperature
Bainite finish temperature for the given chemical composition of the profile.
- bainite_start_temperature
Bainite start temperature for the given chemical composition of the profile.
- chemical_composition
Chemical composition of the profile’s material as dict of element symbols to atom fractions (0 to 1). The key of the dict should correspond to the nomenclature of the TDB (Thermodynamic Data Base file). This means only capital letters and abbreviations according to the periodic table of the elements.
- classifiers
Classifiers of the profile’s shape’s type.
- core_temperature
Temperature of the profile core.
- cross_section
Shape of the profile’s cross-section.
- deformation_activation_energy
Activation energy of deformation especially for calculation of Zener-Holomon-Parameter.
- density
Mean density (specific weight) of the profile material.
- elastic_modulus
Mean elastic modulus of the profile material.
- equivalent_height
Height of the equivalent rectangle.
- equivalent_radius
Radius of a equivalent round.
- equivalent_rectangle
Equivalent rectangle geometry for use with equivalent flat pass models.
- equivalent_stress
Equivalent Stress.
- equivalent_width
Width of the equivalent rectangle.
- flow_stress
Mean flow stress of the profile material.
- flow_stress_function
Flow stress depended on strain, strain-rate and temperature
- grain_size
Average grain size of the profile’s material.
- heat_penetration_number
Mean heat penetration number of the profile material.
- height
Maximum height (y-direction).
- hydrostatic_stress
Hydrodynamic Stress.
- latitudinal_contact_friction
Contact friction between profile and tooling in width (z) direction.
- latitudinal_strain
Logarithmic normal strain (principal strain) in width (z) direction.
- latitudinal_stress
Normal stress (principal stress) in width (z) direction. Positive means tension, negative pressure.
- length
Length of the workpiece (x-direction).
- longitudinal_contact_friction
Contact friction between profile and tooling in rolling (x) direction.
- longitudinal_strain
Logarithmic normal strain (principal strain) in rolling (x) direction.
- longitudinal_stress
Normal stress (principal stress) in rolling (x) direction. Positive means tension, negative pressure.
- martensite_finish_temperature
Martensite finish temperature for the given chemical composition of the profile.
- martensite_start_temperature
Martensite start temperature for the given chemical composition of the profile.
- mass_per_meter
Weight of one meter of the profile.
- material
String or sequence of strings classifying the material of the profile. Can be used by material databases to retrieve respective data.
- microstructure_composition
Phase resp. constituent composition of the profile’s material as dict of constituent names to volume fractions (0 to 1).
- normal_stress
Normal Stress acting between profile and tooling.
- property pass_sequence: PassSequence
Reference to the pass sequence. Alias for
self.unit.
- poissons_ratio
Mean Poisson’s ratio of the profile material.
- scale_thickness
Thickness of the scale covering the profile.
- specific_heat_capacity
Mean specific heat capacity of the profile material.
- strain
Mean equivalent strain of the profile cross-section.
- surface_temperature
Mean temperature of the profile surface.
- t
Temporal coordinate.
- technologically_orientated_cross_section
Shape of the profile’s cross-section with technologically correct orientation.
- temperature
Mean temperature of the profile cross-section.
- thermal_conductivity
Mean thermal conductivity of the profile material.
- thermal_diffusivity
Mean thermal diffusivity of the profile material.
- velocity
Mean material flow velocity.
- vickers_hardness
Vickers hardness of the cold profile material.
- width
Maximum width (z-direction).
- x
Spacial coordinate in rolling direction.
- append(unit: Unit) None
Append a unit to the end of the sequence.
- drop(index: int) None
Remove the unit at the specified index from the sequence.
- flatten() None
Flatten the sequence.
- prepend(unit: Unit) None
Prepend a unit to the beginning of the sequence.
- solve_interstand_tensions_with_given_velocity_ratios(in_profile: Profile, velocity_ratios: ndarray[float], final_speed: float)
Solve method, that calculates the resulting tensions for given reductions. Further, it sets the velocities according to these reductions and the finishing speed.
- Parameters:
in_profile – incoming profile
velocity_ratios – velocity_ratio per stand.
final_speed – speed of the last stand
- solve_velocities_backward(in_profile: Profile, final_speed: float, final_cross_section_area: float)
Solve method, that calculates all velocities of the roll pass starting from the very last roll_pass of the sequence.
- Parameters:
in_profile – incoming profile
final_speed – speed of the last stand
final_cross_section_area – area of the final cross-section
- solve_velocities_forward(in_profile: Profile, initial_speed: float)
Solve method, that calculates all velocities of the roll pass starting from the very first roll_pass of the sequence.
- Parameters:
in_profile – incoming profile
initial_speed – speed of the first stand or output speed of a furnace
final_cross_section_area – area of the final cross-section
- abs_elongation
Absolute elongation (change in length).
- duration
Time needed to pass the unit (temporal extent).
- elongation
Coefficient of elongation (change in length).
- energy_consumption
Energy consumption of this unit per produced mass.
- iteration_precision
Precision of iteration break in solution loop.
- length
The length of the unit (spacial extent in rolling direction).
- log_elongation
Log. coefficient of elongation (change in length).
- mass_flux
Flux/throughput of mass through this unit.
- max_iteration_count
Count of maximum solution loop iterations before aborting.
- post_processors: list[Callable[[Self], Unit]] = []
List of unit factories to use as post-processors to modify the out-profile returned by
solve.
- power
Total energy demand per time of this unit.
- pre_processors: list[Callable[[Self], Unit]] = []
List of unit factories to use as pre-processors to modify the in-profile given to
solve.
- rel_elongation
Relative elongation (change in length).
- property roll_passes: List[BaseRollPass]
Returns a list of all roll passes in this sequence.
- surface_area
Surface area of workpiece within the unit.
- property units: List[Unit]
Returns a list of all units in this sequence.
- velocity
Mean velocity of material flow.
- volume
Volume of workpiece material within the unit.
- volume_flux
Flux/throughput of volume through this unit.